Working drawings of a frame house / do-it-yourself frame house

Frame construction theory

Composition of the main elements of a frame house

The construction of houses always begins with preparatory actions:

analysis of the site - soil structure and soil behavior characteristics;
designing a building - foundation, calculating the structures themselves that make up the elements of the future house;
generation of necessary documentation – drawings, technological maps;
approval of papers before the start of construction with permitting authorities.

The main feature of frame house construction is the use of wall and ceiling elements for the base - timber and metal profiles. As filling there are various insulation materials (mineral wool, polystyrene foam), which are closed from the inside and outside with various panels - wood, metal, plastic or a combination. The structure is gradually mounted on the foundation and sheathed in parallel - on the inside and on the outside. This allows buildings to be erected by small teams of workers - from two people, and also not to use construction equipment - everything is done manually.

Example of a two-story house 6x6

As a result, the owner can receive a unique building with the properties he needs, which depends on the purpose of the building, the local climate and financial capabilities.

Pros and cons of frame houses

In most countries of the world, frame construction is becoming more and more popular every year. There are several reasons for this:

the total cost per square meter is the lowest among all other construction methods. Only cardboard houses or tents are cheaper;
versatility: the ability to adapt the building to hot and cold climates, as well as to build simple outbuildings;
ease of maintenance - frequent renovation of facades is not required, and repairs are as easy as construction;
high speed of construction - even a small team of 2-4 people can create a standard house in 3-6 months;
low heat capacity of walls and horizontal partitions - simplifies the heating process, the cost of which will be minimal;
good sound insulation – provided that proper insulation materials are used;
frame houses are the safest - this applies to both ecology and earthquake resistance. The buildings are able to withstand tremors up to 8-9 points.

Separately, it should be clarified that, if necessary, you can build a house that can be quickly disassembled, transported to a new location and reassembled again. Such mobility is ensured only by frame and frame-modular construction schemes.

Important! Often, it is possible to prepare foundations of medium or shallow depth for the construction of a house - the weight of the structure is small, therefore, if the soil allows, the use of simple and light types of foundations is allowed. But for this you need to carefully study the area. Some types of soil require the creation of a permanent foundation, otherwise the house will deform or completely collapse over time.

But there are also negative points:

To reduce the noise of the entire structure, you will have to install heavy types of insulation in the walls - this is not very important for a summer house, but a house that is intended for permanent residence will require this.

A reliable frame house can be erected only after scrupulous calculations. Without the appropriate education, it is very difficult to draw up correct drawings, so it is recommended to turn to professionals. This will require allocating part of the budget to order design documentation, but it will guarantee that the house will not fall apart in a year or two.

No. 11. Project "Asan"

This project is ideal for building a country house where you will periodically come to relax. With a relatively small area (only 108 m2), the house has 4 bedrooms . All of them are compact in size (area 8-9 m2). From the hall on the second floor there is access to a balcony .

The first floor is a common area. There is a relatively spacious living room, kitchen, bathroom and technical room. A small closet can fit in the vestibule. Since the house has only one bathroom and no dressing rooms, it can be considered for periodic visits of a large company - permanent residence of more than 4 people will be difficult here. The project will also appeal to a small family that often hosts guests.

Types of foundations (briefly)

Strip type foundation

After analyzing the type of soil, you should understand what type of foundation is suitable for a frame house. The foundation is the most important element, which subsequently is almost impossible to change; the reliability of the entire building depends on the correctness of its calculation. When developing the foundations of buildings, specialists are guided by SNiP 2.02.01-83.

Types of foundations:

tape - recommended for heavy houses, as well as when the house will have a cellar. Features: the base of the base is made 20-30 cm lower than the freezing soil. You can use both mortar and ready-made blocks, which speeds up the construction process;
monolithic (slab or floating) - in the form of a single element. This type is suitable for small and light houses on unstable soils;
columnar - made under small and medium-sized buildings. It differs from the strip type in lower consumption of building materials: the columns are installed under load-bearing walls and important junctions - that is, where the load will be maximum. After the pillars are embedded in the ground, they are tied with beams;
Foundation on screw piles - based on steel elements that are screwed into the ground. Good for uneven areas, as it allows you to install piles at different depths, and due to their upper ends, the base (beam system) is adjusted to the desired level;
Swedish plate - consists of several layers: sand, a layer of polystyrene foam, and a reinforcement frame. Communications are allowed to take place inside;
combined types - recommended for use on non-standard soils; they are often preferred by private construction companies. The advantage of such foundations is that you can get a unique foundation for a specific type of soil, and also reduce costs by using different materials.

Columnar foundation

The standard foundation is a rectangle with sides 6x6 meters, 6x8 or 6x4. A separate drawing will be required for construction.

Water supply and sewerage

Entrepreneurs often include in their business plan for the construction of frame houses the costs of organizing these two types of engineering systems (if there are centralized networks of this type nearby). It is necessary to provide for similar communications during independent construction of a low-rise residential building.

Water supply and sewerage systems are being installed in frame buildings using standard technologies. That is, to supply water, a well is drilled next to such a building. Next, an external main is drawn to the house in a trench with insulation. A water treatment system is installed on the ground floor. Water heating in such buildings can be done by a double-circuit boiler or boiler.

Waste water from a frame house, like from any other, is usually discharged into a septic tank. According to regulations, such a receiver should be located in the yard no closer than 5 m to the foundation of the building. The external line extends to the septic tank in a trench with a slight slope. A riser and a sunbed are installed in the building itself. Along the latter, consumers are installed - a bathtub, a shower stall, sinks, sinks.

Start of work: calculations, preparation of drawings

Drawings of frame houses

Before designing a structure, you need to step by step decide on the following points:

Step 1. Purpose of the house - for example, for a non-residential building, insulation may not be required, the walls will be thinner.

Sectional example of wall insulation

Step 2. Heating - its type (separate boiler room or powered from existing communications), heat consumption per living area (the more rooms, the more expensive it will be to warm them up), chimney installation.

House heating layout

Step 3. Number of residents - the number of floors and bedrooms depends on this.

Layout of a two-story house

Step 4. What materials will be used - wood products are often used, since they are available in all regions, but it is important to understand that long elements (over 6 meters) cannot be purchased. For example, beams for tying the foundation will have to be joined. This will require relevant experience.

An example of the use of wood materials

Step 5. Location of communications in the building - external or internal. In the first case, maintenance of pipelines and electrical wiring is easier, but the appearance of the premises is spoiled. In the second, if repairs are necessary, you will have to disassemble the casing.

Laying communications under the house

Step 6. Finding bathrooms, kitchens and other utility rooms - they try to group them close to each other - to facilitate pipe routing.

Consider also the air circulation in the room

Step 7. Planning is the most difficult stage for future owners. Comfort depends on the proper arrangement of the premises, and making changes after construction will be difficult. It is recommended to use 3D computer modeling - this will make it possible to clearly verify the correctness of decisions.

A clear example of 3D modeling

Step 8. Balconies and loggias - done if the building is (at least) two-story. Elements should also be provided for and calculated in advance.

Second floor balcony

After this, you should decide on the sizes. They depend on the size of the site and its quality. If the landscape has strong differences in height, this will have to be corrected in advance.

Example: 6x6 house with an attic. Standard designs and drawings

Second floor layout 6x6

A one-story 6x6 house is one of the best solutions for an average family of 2-3 people. Such projects are often chosen for construction in private gardens; houses are suitable for relaxing and sleeping on summer days. Almost any site owner can create drawings for one-story 6x6 houses.

First floor layout option 6x6

Main advantages:

saving building materials;
compactness;
simplicity and high speed of construction.

One of the options (general plan):

First floor layout 6x6

First floor – kitchen, bathroom and toilet.
Second floor – bedrooms.
The foundation is made of lightweight screw piles.

Floor layouts can be chosen depending on the purpose of the house. experienced builders create such houses even alone.

Video - DIY 6x6 frame house

Houses 6x4

6x4 projects are also compact, but are not suitable for a large family. Often used to build summer cottages, hunting lodges or for household needs.

The main feature is the fastest possible erection if a one-story house is chosen. The buildings also weigh little; on stable and stable soils they will require the simplest foundation.

Video - Drawings of a 6x4 frame bath

Projects 6x8

Frame house plan

In such buildings, 3-4 residents will be comfortable. There are projects of two-story and one-story houses. In the upper part there is an attic or attic; this is not considered the third floor.

Layout of a frame house

The choice of layouts is varied. On the ground floor you can provide a living room, a bathroom, a kitchen and a small utility room. On the second floor there are bedrooms and guest rooms. In the attic there is a workshop, a gym, or additional rooms.

No. 1. Project "Legion"

The project proposes the construction of a two-story house with a total area of 134 m2. A well-thought-out layout will allow even a very large family to comfortably accommodate in such a house. On the ground floor there is a spacious living room, which is visually combined with the kitchen, so both areas will look more spacious. Nearby there is a bathroom and a spacious hall where you can put a spacious closet, solving the storage problem. The project also provides for a separate room for organizing a boiler room.

The house has five bedrooms : one on the first floor, the rest on the second. You can be sure that the owners of such a home will not have any problems with accommodating guests and relatives, and the only bedroom with a balcony can be left for themselves or given to the most honored guests. The project includes a canopy over a parking space for cars. From the outside, you can’t tell that there are so many useful rooms inside the house - all this thanks to competent planning and rational use of space . Construction will take about 2 months. The project of the frame house “Legion” was provided by IC “YUKKA Dom” (St. Petersburg). You can view the details of the project on the developer's website.

Knots of a frame house

The foundation is the basis of any structure. The type is selected depending on the soil, climate, and weight of the future building.

The walls have the shape of a pie - several layers of different materials reinforced inside the frame and covered with panels. At the same time, to prevent moisture from entering from the outside (plus protection from the wind), as well as to prevent the accumulation of condensation inside the walls, it is imperative to follow the rules: wind protection is stretched from the outside of the house, and a vapor barrier film is stretched from the outside of the house. As a result, the “filling” of the pie, represented by the insulation, will “breathe”, but will not get wet and will not lose its properties.

Wall formation option

Vertical floors and internal walls also consist of several layers. But here the insulation can either not be laid at all, or combined with soundproofing materials.

Prices for thermal insulation materials

Thermal insulation materials

Chimney - its design depends on the type of boiler room and its location. Some modern boilers allow a vertical piping design - then it can be routed through the wall closest to the boiler. But some types of boiler rooms will require a vertical device. Then you will have to include it in the project. It is important that the upper part will intersect the roof slope; for installation it is necessary to carry out careful calculations.

Roof - consists of a rafter system, sheathing (internal and external), insulation and sheathing. That is, it also looks like a pie.

Types of rafter systems

It is important to carry out design calculations taking into account:

the position of the house and its height - to reduce the “sail” effect;
climate in the region, especially the influence of winds;
materials used - one of the mistakes that owners encounter is the installation of undried wooden elements. As a result, over time the structure “leaks” (due to changes in humidity), deformation leads to the destruction of components, and sometimes the entire roof.

Roof structure

No. 4. Project "Family"

The name of this project speaks for itself. A huge house with an area of 308 m2 will be an excellent option for both permanent residence of a large family and for a vacation outside the city. This house has a lot of features, the main one is the second light . This means that the height of the ceilings above some of the rooms on the first floor is increased, and the owners have enormous scope for imagination to create a unique interior.

On the ground floor of a comfortable and large house, according to the project, there is a spacious living room with an area of 28 m2 (like some studio apartments, by the way) and a kitchen-dining room with an area of 20 m2 - this will accommodate a large family and numerous guests. Also on the ground floor there is a bedroom, which is located near the bathhouse. A full-fledged home SPA area is the highlight of the project. Part of the house is reserved for a bathhouse and a recreation area near it . By the way, several exercise machines can easily fit in the recreation area. Next door there is a shower room and a guest toilet. of a large bathroom on the ground floor . Its area (15 m2) allows you to organize a small swimming pool or a decent-sized bath with a Jacuzzi - this is at the discretion of the owners. This room has a separate exit to the terrace. There are a total of four doors in the house leading to the street.

The owner of such a house is clearly a successful business person, so the project provides an office so that you can always retire and focus on business issues. To ensure maximum comfort for residents, the house has a storage area and a technical room.

The second floor is a spacious hall from which part of the first floor can be seen. Here you can organize another recreation area. From the hall you can access three bedrooms, one large and two smaller, with access to one shared balcony. There is a separate bathroom on the second floor, so everyone will be comfortable. The project is suitable for those who want to quickly build a large house where they can have a good rest.

Search for standard documentation

On the Internet there are many drawings of typical buildings related to frame houses. But you will have to prepare a complete set of documentation to start work yourself. This is especially true when it is decided to build a four-story house. Then you will have to carry out a construction inspection without fail.

Rafter drawing

Custom drawings - how to find an engineering company

The easiest way to prepare documentation is to contact a construction office. The designers will propose a basic design, after which the customer will make the necessary changes and amendments to it, which may relate to:

planning;
number of floors;
additional elements (chimney, balcony, loggia);
building materials.
The designer will take into account the customer’s wishes and create the necessary documentation.

Note! If you decide to build a house yourself, then it is recommended to do additionally: sketches, plans, 3D images for a better understanding of the structure.

Self-created drawings

There are two ways to prepare drawings of a frame house with your own hands:

Manually - on paper, using drawing tools.
Using special software on a PC.

When choosing the first option, you need to take into account that professional builders, if they are involved in construction, will better understand the documentation that is made in accordance with building regulations.

Using programs

To make a house drawing on a PC, it is not necessary to purchase expensive professional programs - there is free (or inexpensive commercial) software for beginners for this. With its help, you can create not only visual drawings, but also 3D models for better visualization.

Common mistakes

During design, inexperienced site owners make mistakes:

They start construction without a project - this often ends in unnecessary costs. Without clear planning, it is impossible to calculate how much material will be required to manufacture a particular unit or element. This does not take into account local loads acting on important points of the building. This could end in tragedy - the house will become deformed and collapse.

Incorrect calculation of the overall dimensions in relation to the thickness of the walls and partitions. Many people forget that walls consist of several layers, as a result the diagram turns out to be incorrect.

Inadequate design of structures. Sometimes they plan to install an overly powerful foundation for a small house, and sometimes, on the contrary, a two or three-story building is made from elements that are too thin or of poor quality (metal profiles, boards, bars). In the first case, significant funds are wasted, and in the second, there is a risk of the house collapsing.

Critical components are built from raw wood - after a year, moisture will leave the elements, and then the wood will deform. In the best case, the entire building will be skewed and significant alterations will be required.

Recommendations

Construction from wood materials without preliminary antiseptic treatment is unacceptable - even in the most properly designed frame or ordinary wooden house there will inevitably be a certain amount of condensation at the sections (boundaries) of the media, of which there is much more in frame houses than in buildings made from traditional solid materials. Moistened wood, containing organic elements (polysaccharides) in its structure, becomes an excellent breeding ground for various forms of microflora and microfauna, representatives of which can easily destroy wood fibers in a short (1-2 years) period of time.

Prices for wood preservatives

Impregnation for wood

It is important that materials that can bear loads are used to cover the frame. For example, OSB must be structural and intended specifically for outdoor work.

Insulation of vertical frame walls is allowed only with rigid slabs of building insulation. Due to shrinkage and downward movement over time, fill and roll materials can only be used on horizontal parts or in roofs with a slope of up to a ratio of 1:5.

When using economical versions of low-density insulation slabs, it is recommended to secure each row of slabs with spacers between the slabs to prevent slipping. This solution will make the structure more expensive and increase the thermal conductivity of the walls, so it is beneficial to use high-quality insulation of a higher density. The size of the openings between the frame posts should not exceed the transverse size of the insulation boards - 600 mm. It’s even better if the opening size is reduced to 590 mm to eliminate gaps between the studs and insulation boards. You cannot fill the walls with scraps of insulation - there will be many gaps.

As a result

Any construction is unthinkable without the creation of design documentation, which includes building drawings, plans, a list of parts, and an estimate. It is important to understand that you will always have to collect the mentioned documentation, with the exception of cases when construction is carried out on the territory of a garden or a summer cottage. Otherwise, a building permit will not be issued, and the house will be considered an illegal building. As a result, the authorities may demolish it.

Also, pay attention to the amazing chalet-style house designs.

It is best to entrust the development of drawings either to specialized engineering firms or to private traders, if they have the necessary qualifications. The first option is preferable, since the company provides guarantees for the work, and in most cases offers additional services for project approval.

If the construction takes place at the dacha, then you can draw up the drawings yourself. To do this, it is better to use special PC programs that simplify the work and do not require the skills of a professional engineer. The main thing is accuracy and attentiveness.